Skip to main content

Protection from avian influenza H5N1 virus infection with antibody-impregnated filters

Abstract

There is worldwide concern over the possibility of a new influenza pandemic originating from the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses. We herein demonstrate that functional air filters impregnated with ostrich antibodies against the hemagglutinin of the H5N1 virus protect chickens from death by H5N1 transmission. These results suggest that the use of ostrich antibody-impregnated filters might be a powerful way to prevent the transmission of H5N1.

Findings

The highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses can spread by transmission between domestic and wild birds from Hong Kong, where it was first detected, across Asia, Africa, and into northern Europe [1, 2]. Should the H5N1 virus develop the ability to spread efficiently between humans, there would be a high risk of a worldwide pandemic, causing considerable mortality and economic disruption [3–5]. Vaccination is a mainstay of influenza prevention, with annual vaccination recommended for adults and children at a high risk for infection; efforts to prevent person-to-person transmission are also important [3–6]. It has been recommended that health-care facilities implement a universal respiratory hygiene strategy [7, 8].

There is an increasing use of antibodies for research, diagnosis, and therapeutic purposes. However, the antibodies from experimental mammals, including the mouse and rabbit, are not well-adapted for industrial usage because of their high production costs. Recently, we have developed a convenient method for the mass-production of antibodies by using ostrich (Struthio camelus) eggs [9]. Therefore, it is strongly believed that the ostrich egg may be an excellent antibody source for industrial and medical purposes. Previously, we succeeded in the mass production of ostrich antibodies against the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus by immunization of the ostrich layers with viral hemagglutinin (HA). The antibodies have strong neutralization activities against H5N1 infectivities, and the lethality of H5N1 infected birds was dramatically decreased by the direct injection of ostrich antibodies [9]. In the present study, we focused on the application of ostrich antibodies against H5N1 infection. Because the influenza is transmitted by droplet infection [10], air-purification is one of the major factors in preventing influenza viral transmission among individuals. Therefore, we developed a functional air-purification filter coated with anti-influenza antibodies, and examined whether these filters decreased the risk of infection in patients. We herein show that the filters impregnated with ostrich antibodies against HA antigens inhibit the transmission of the H5N1avian influenza virus.

We previously developed a functional air filter impregnated with ostrich antibodies against various influenza viruses, including H5N1 (Fujifilm Corporation, Japan), and have confirmed that viruses trapped in the filters were effectively inactivated by an antigen-antibody reaction; the infectivities of H5N1 to canine culture cells (MDCK) were drastically inhibited after passing through the antibody filters. In addition, we confirmed that the antibody on a solid surface specifically reacted with a protein antigen supplied from a gas phase under the nominal ambient condition, by using FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) signal as a mean to quantify the reaction between pairs of antibody labeled with a donor fluorophore and antigen labeled with an acceptance fluorophore [11]. In the present study, a convenient model for droplet- or fecal infection of influenza viruses was used. Boxes (12 × 16 × 30 cm) composed of coarse mesh- or antibody-impregnated or untreated filters were set up. Each box has three openings, of which total area is 388 cm2, on both flanks and ceiling. The effective amount of the ostrich antibody impregnated in the nonwoven fabric filter coping with H5N1 is ca. 175 μg per the box. Normal white leghorn chicks were housed in these filter covered boxes with food and water. Chicks at 10 days of age were intranasally inoculated with avian influenza virus A/Bogor 2/IPB/H5N1 at a dose of 105 TCID50, and were then housed around the filter covered boxes including non-inoculated chicks. At 6 days post-inoculation, the mortality of chicks in the filter covered boxes was calculated. The survivors were sacrificed with a pentobarbital solution, and the lungs were removed and fixed in buffered formalin for the histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses of viral infection.

Most of the surrounding H5N1-inoculated birds died at 3 days post-inoculation. As shown in Table 1 all birds escaped from death when they were housed in antibody-filter covered boxes, whereas the mortality of the birds in coarse mesh- and untreated-filter covered boxes was significantly higher. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry experiments revealed that severe inflammation and viral antigens were present even in the survivors in both coarse mesh- and untreated-filter covered boxes; in contrast, no obvious reactions were present in any chicks that were contained in the antibody filter covered boxes (Figure 1). These findings suggested that the antibody filters rescued the chicks from the viral transmission by H5N1-infected birds. Accordingly, the H5N1 viruses via droplet or fecal infections [12] from infected birds might be neutralized on the filters, because the HA of viruses was masked with ostrich antibodies, and could not enter the host cells; the viral particles from the filter had no infectivity in the animals. The avian influenza virus is highly infectious to the chickens compared to humans because of the distributions of receptor on host cells [13, 14]. Due to the fact that the complete inhibition of H5N1 transmission was found in the present chick experiment, similar effects may therefore be observed in human cases. For this reason, antibody filters will likely be a powerful tool for protection against avian influenza transmission.

Table 1 Mortality and infection rate
Figure 1
figure 1

Histopathology and immunohistochemistry examination of H5N1 antigens. The survival chicks were sacrificed, and the lungs were removed and fixed in buffered formalin. Hematoxylin and eosin staining were performed on paraffin sections as previously described. For the immunohistochemical analyses, a monoclonal antibody against influenza A was incubated on the sections. A FITC-conjugated secondary antibody was incubated. Severe inflammation (A) and viral antigens (B) were observed in the lung of chicks housed in the untreated-filter box. In contrast, obvious histopathological legions (C) and viral antigens (D) were not detected in the lungs of chicks housed in antibody filter boxes. Scale bars represent 100 μm.

References

  1. Alexander DJ, Brown IH: Recent zoonoses caused by influenza A viruses. Rev Sci Tech 2000, 19: 197-225.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Normile D: Infectious diseases. North Korea collaborates to fight bird flu. Science 2005, 308: 175. 10.1126/science.308.5719.175a

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Poland GA: Vaccines against avian influenza - a race against time. N Engl J Med 2006, 354: 1411-1413. 10.1056/NEJMe068047

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ungchusak K, Auewarakul P, Dowell SF, Kitphati R, Auwanit W, Puthavathana P, Uiprasertkul M, Boonnak K, Pittayawonganon C, Cox NJ, Zaki SR, Thawatsupha P, Chittaganpitch M, Khontong R, Simmerman JM, Chunsutthiwat S: Probable person-to-person transmission of avian influenza A (H5N1). N Engl J Med 2005, 352: 333-340. 10.1056/NEJMoa044021

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Beigel JH, Farrar J, Han AM, Hayden FG, Hyer R, de Jong MD, Lochindarat S, Nguyen TK, Nguyen TH, Tran TH, Nicoll A, Touch S, Yuen KY, Writing Committee of the World Health Organization (WHO) Consultation on Human Influenza A/H5: Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans. N Engl J Med 2005, 353: 1374-1385. 10.1056/NEJMra052211

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD: Influenza vaccines: new developments. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2001, 1: 491-496. 10.1016/S1471-4892(01)00085-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. CDC: Experiences with influenza-like illness and attitudes regarding influenza prevention--United States, 2003-04 influenza season. MMWR 2004, 53: 1156-1158.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Wiwanitkit V: N-95 face mask for prevention of bird flu virus: an appraisal of nanostructure and implication for infectious control. Lung 2006, 184: 373-374. 10.1007/s00408-006-0021-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Adachi K, Handharyani E, Sari DK, Takama K, Fukuda K, Endo I, Yamamoto R, Sawa M, Tanaka M, Konisi I, Tsukamoto Y: Development of neutralization antibodies against highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus using ostrich ( Struthio camelus ) yolk. Mol Med Rep 2008, 1: 203-209.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Bridges CB, Kuehnert MJ, Hall CB: Transmission of influenza: implications for control in health care settings. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 37: 1094-1101. 10.1086/378292

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Iwanaga H, Tsuzuki H, Kamiyama Y, Ueda H: Verification of a specific reaction between an airborne antigen and an immobilized antibody at a gas-solid interface. Anal Sci 2009, 25: 1101-1106. 10.2116/analsci.25.1101

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Spickler AR, Trampel DW, Roth JA: The onset of virus shedding and clinical signs in chickens infected with high-pathogenicity and low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. Avian Pathol 2008, 37: 555-557. 10.1080/03079450802499118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Shinya K, Ebina M, Yamada S, Ono M, Kasai N, Kawaoka Y: Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway. Nature 2006, 440: 435-436. 10.1038/440435a

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Yamada S, Suzuki Y, Suzuki T, Le MQ, Nidom CA, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Muramoto Y, Ito M, Kiso M, Horimoto T, Shinya K, Sawada T, Kiso M, Usui T, Murata T, Lin Y, Hay A, Haire LF, Stevens DJ, Russell RJ, Gamblin SJ, Skehel JJ, Kawaoka Y: Haemagglutinin mutations responsible for the binding of H5N1 influenza A viruses to human-type receptors. Nature 2006, 444: 378-382. 10.1038/nature05264

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by an innovation grant from JST Japan (to Y.T.). The experiments were approved by the animal care and use committee for Fujifilm, and the animal care committee of Kyoto Prefecture University.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yasuhiro Tsukamoto.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

YT designed research; KA, EH, RDS, TK, MI, MT performed research; YK, YT and SK analyzed data and wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.

Authors’ original file for figure 1

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kamiyama, Y., Adachi, K., Handharyani, E. et al. Protection from avian influenza H5N1 virus infection with antibody-impregnated filters. Virol J 8, 54 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-8-54

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-8-54

Keywords