Skip to main content

Specific, simple and rapid detection of porcine circovirus type 2 using the loop-mediated isothermal amplification method

Abstract

Background

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). It has caused heavy losses in global agriculture in recent decades. Rapid detection of PCV2 is very important for the effective prophylaxis and treatment of PMWS.

Results

A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was used to detect PCV2 in this study. Three pairs of primers were specially designed for recognizing eight distinct sequences of the ORF2 gene. This gene lies in the PCV2 virus genome sequence, and encodes the Rep protein that is involved in virus replication. Time and temperature conditions for amplification of PCV2 genes were optimized to be 55 min at 59°C. The analysis of clinical samples indicated that the LAMP method was highly sensitive. The detection limit for PCV2 by the LAMP assay was 10 copies, whereas the limit by conventional PCR was 1000 copies. The assay did not cross-react with PCV1, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, transmissible gastroenteritis of pigs virus or rotavirus. When 110 samples were tested using the established LAMP system, 95 were detected as positive.

Conclusion

The newly developed LAMP detection method for PCV2 was more specific, sensitive, rapid and simple than before. It complements and extends previous methods for PCV2 detection and provides an alternative approach for detection of PCV2.

Introduction

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a non-enveloped, circular, single-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the Circoviridiae family [1]. This virus is widespread in the commercial swine population, and is accepted as the causative agent of a number of diseases in these animals, such as postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) [2], and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). These syndromes cause great losses to the pig industry. As a result, it is necessary to develop an effective method for detecting PCV2 to prevent these diseases. At present, many methods have been developed for the detection of this virus; among which, conventional PCR is commonly used [3]. However, the usefulness of PCR is limited by the presence of PCR inhibitors in the analysis of real biological samples. The wide range of inhibitors (including organic and inorganic substances such as detergents, antibiotics, phenolic compounds, enzymes, polysaccharides, fats, proteins and salts) reduces the amplification efficiency [4, 5]. Apart from PCR, ELISA is one of the more common methods for virus detection [6]. It is hard to make a definitive diagnosis with ELISA in infected swine, because false-positive results may be included in the analysis [7]. In addition, real-time PCR is a good method to perform quantitative and qualitative analysis of PCV2 [811]. However, this method demands high-quality technical personnel. Hence, a rapid, sensitive and easy-to-operate method is still needed, especially for examination of PCV2.

Recently, a new technique called loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has been developed, which can amplify nucleic acids with high specificity, sensitivity and rapidity under isothermal conditions [12]. The method is easily performed and highly specific for the target sequence because six independent sequences recognize the target sequence in the initial stage and four independent sequences amplify the target sequence in the later stage of the reaction [13, 14]. LAMP assay has advantages in specificity, selectivity and rapidity over other nucleic acid amplification methods [13]. LAMP has been further advanced by using forward loop primers [15]. The method has been a valuable tool for the rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases in hospital laboratories and for the rapid detection of pathogenic microbes in food [16]. The use of LAMP for detecting PCV2 has been reported by Chen et al [17]. In their study, only four primers were used and no betaine was added to the LAMP assay. However, in our study, six primers containing two loop primers were used to amplify different regions of PCV2. It complemented and extended previous methods for PCV2 detection and provided an alternative approach for detection of PCV2. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to develop a LAMP assay for detecting ORF2 gene in PCV2 (which encodes Rep protein that is involved in virus replication), and to establish a more specific, sensitive, rapid and simple detection method for PCV2.

Results

Optimized temperature of LAMP assay for PCV2

On the basis of our temperature determination for the LAMP assay, the products amplified at 59°C exhibited slightly larger amounts of DNA than at other temperatures. Therefore, the optimal temperature of the LAMP reaction was 59°C. The Bst DNA polymerase was also work very well at this temperature (Figure 1). The optimal temperature for the PCR reaction was 54°C by incubating the reaction mixture.

Figure 1
figure 1

Optimal temperature of the LAMP assay for detecting PCV2. M: DL2000; lanes 1-4: LAMP carried out at 55, 57, 59 and 61°C, respectively. All the products were electrophoresed on 2% agarose gels and stained with Goldview.

Specificity of the LAMP method

As expected, the typical ladder-like pattern products were only obtained in the assay using PCV2 genomic DNA samples as templates (Figure 2). In addition, the other virus species had no amplified products as well as the NTC (no template control). Figure 2 shows that the primers only amplified PCV2 strains and not other viruses. The sequencing results indicated that the amplified product length of two stains of PCV2 was 223 bp. The sequences showed 100% homology with the ORF2 gene of PCV2. The specificity of the LMAP product was confirmed by digestion of Hae III. A predictable product of the 137-bp motif was resolved on the agarose gel as expected (Figure 3, lane 2).

Figure 2
figure 2

Specificity of the LAMP reaction for detection of PCV2 gene. (A) M, DL2000; lane 1, PCV1; lane 2, PCV1; lane 3, PPV; lane 4, PRV; lane 5, PEDV; lane 6, TEGV; lane 7, RV; lane 8, PRRSV; lane 9, PCV2; N, negative control. All the products were electrophoresed on 2% agarose gels and stained with Goldview.

Figure 3
figure 3

Verification of the specific LAMP product of PCV2 by Hae III Digestion. M, DL500; lane 1, LAMP product of PCV2; lane 2, specific LAMP product of PCV2 using Hae III digestion. All the products were electrophoresed on 2% agarose gels and stained with Goldview.

Sensitivity of LAMP method and PCR assay for PCV2

Comparative analysis of the sensitivity of PCV2 detection by the LAMP method and PCR was carried out using a dilution series of PCV2 DNA templates. The detection limit of the LAMP assay was 10 copies, which corresponded to 10 copies of DNA templates per reaction tube. The detection limit for the PCR was 1000 copies, which corresponded to 1000 copies of DNA templates per reaction tube. This suggested that the LAMP assay was 100-fold more sensitive than the conventional PCR (Figure 4 and Figure 5).

Figure 4
figure 4

Sensitivity of LAMP for detection of PCV2. M, marker DL2000; N, negative control; lanes 1-8, LAMP carried out using the dilution series of PCV2 DNA, 108, 107, 106, 105, 104, 103, 100, and 10 copies, respectively. All the products were electrophoresed on 2% agarose gels and stained with Goldview.

Figure 5
figure 5

Sensitivity of PCR for detection of PCV2. M, marker DL2000; N, negative control; lanes 1-8, LAMP carried out using the dilution series of PCV2 DNA, 108, 107, 106, 105, 104, 103, 102 and 10 copies, respectively. All the products were electrophoresed on 2% agarose gels and stained with Goldview.

PCV2 detection in clinical samples

One hundred and ten serum samples were analyzed using the LAMP method to determine whether they were infected by PCV2. PCV2 was detected in 95 clinical samples.

Discussion

In this study, we developed a visual and rapid detection method for PCV2 using the optimized LAMP technique. Compared to conventional PCR analysis, the LAMP method has advantages such as time-saving, low cost and ease of operation.

The mature LAMP method was specific for PCV2 and had no amplified products for other viruses. We suggest that the set of primers had high specificity for the ORF2 gene of PCV2, according to PCR and other nucleic acid sequence-based methods. The LAMP method had high specificity for the target gene because six independent sequences (F1c, F2, F3, B1c, B2 and B3) recognized the target sequence in the initial stage, and four independent sequences (F1c, F2, B1c and B2) have been shown previously to amplify the target sequence in the later stage of the LAMP reaction [14]. However, the PCR assay only had one pair of primers to amplify the target gene. The big difference between the previous study and our research is that two loop primers take part in the LAMP reaction. The ORF2 gene of PCV2 has high specificity for detection of this virus.

The LAMP reaction can be performed under isothermal conditions without PCR thermal cyclers within a short time. In our study, the time for the whole LAMP reaction was <1 h. Moreover, the LAMP reaction did not require complicated pretreatment and expensive instrumentation. The reaction was more rapid than ELISA and real-time PCR. For that reason, the LAMP assay should be easy to use and widely applicable.

The LAMP assay developed had a detection limit of 10 copies for PCV2, which was 100-fold more sensitive than conventional PCR. The sensitivity of the LAMP assay was consistent with the reports of other virus species. For example, swine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus, H5 avian influenza virus, and yellow head virus [1820].

When the LAMP assay was initiated, some measures should be taken to avoid false-negative results. Although the LAMP assay was an effective method for detection of PCV2 in clinical samples, laboratory contamination is one of the most serious problems in the LAMP reaction.

For detection of clinical samples, the procedure of DNA extraction was omitted. Serum samples were directly used as templates in the LAMP reaction. The sensitivity of the LAMP assay was less affected by the various components of the clinical samples than was the PCR. This reduces the time and cost of the test and simplifies many troublesome procedures in the LAMP assay. Most important, the superior tolerance to various compounds of the LAMP method makes it possible to popularize it in small hospitals, laboratories, private clinics and thremmatology.

Rapid detection of PCV2 by LAMP has been reported previously by Chen et al [18]. Their amplification method was finished in 60 min under isothermal conditions at 64°C by using a set of four primers that target the cap gene of PCV2. In our study, two more primers termed loop primers were added, which accelerated the LAMP reaction. Betaine was added to our LAMP reaction system to increase the melting speed. Moreover, porcine sera could be used as templates directly in the LAMP assay without DNA extraction, because the tolerance of the LAMP assay for biological substances was superior to other detection methods. Therefore, the DNA extraction step can be omitted from the LAMP assay [21].

Conclusion

Our newly developed LAMP detection method for PCV2 is more specific, sensitive, rapid and simple than before. It complements and extends previous methods for PCV2 detection and provides an alternative approach for detection of PCV2.

Material and methods

Viral strains and clinical samples

Some viral strains were obtained from the Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences. These viral strains contained PCV1, porcine parvovirus (PPV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis of pigs virus (TGEV), rotavirus (RV), or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). All the viral strains were used to conduct the LAMP assay. Swine sera were collected from an abattoir in Shanghai, and used as clinical samples for detection of PCV2 using the LAMP method.

DNA and RNA extraction

DNA was extracted from a pure culture of cells infected by PCV2, according to the instructions of the Blood Viral DNA/RNA kit (BIOMIGA Inc, San Diego, CA, USA). The DNA template was used for optimizing the optimum temperature. Extraction of RNA from PEDV, TGEV, RV and PRRSV was conducted according to the instructions of the same kit. DNA extracted from PCV1, PPV and PRV and cDNA obtained by reverse transcription (Takara Corp., Japan) from RNA of PEDV, TGEV, RV and PRRSV were used to detect the specificicty of LAMP method for PCV2.

Decimal serial dilutions of PCV2 DNA were carried out in sterile double distilled water. Finally, the concentration of these DNA templates was from 108 to 10 copies. These different concentrations of DNA were used to determine the detection limit of PCV2 DNA.

Primer design

Based on the ORF2 gene (GenBank accession no. EU921257.1) of PCV2 (strain BJ0804), six primers were designed using PrimerExplorer 3 (Table 1). The F3 and B3 primers were also used in the PCR reaction. The length of the amplified product was 223 bp. Contrary to previous methods, the newly added loop primers (LF and LB) significantly accelerated the LAMP reaction.

Table 1 Primers of LAMP assay for ORF2 of PCV2

Reaction protocol for LAMP and PCR

LAMP was performed in a total 25-μL reaction mixture that contained 0.8 mM FIP and BIP, 0.2 mM of each of the outer primers (F3, forward outer primer; B3, backward outer primer), 0.4 mM LF and LB, 1.6 mM dNTPs, 0.8 M betaine (Sigma), 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.8), 10 mM KCl, 10 mM (NH4)2SO4, 4 mM MgSO4, 0.1% Triton X-100, 8 U Bst DNA polymerase large fragment (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA, USA). The LAMP reaction was carried out in a Jingda digital thermostatic water-bath (Jintan Jingda Apparatus Factory, China), as described previously [2224]. PCR was carried out in a 25-μL reaction volume that contained 0.5 μM F3 and B3 and 0.75 mM dNTPs, 2.5 μM 10 × PCR buffer, 2.5 U Taq polymerase (Takara Corp.), and 1.0 μL extracted DNA or cDNA. After denaturation at 95°C for 5 min, the reaction system was subjected to thermal cycling in an Applied Biosystems 2720 thermal cycler (Foster City, CA, USA) for 35 cycles each of 95°C for 30 s, 55°C for 30 s and 72°C for 30 s, with a final elongation for 5 min at 72°C. LAMP and PCR amplified products were analyzed by electrophoresis on 2% (w/v) agarose gels and visualized by staining with Goldview, as described previously [17].

Temperature determination of amplification

The LAMP reaction temperature (55-60°C) was optimized, and the assay was carried out for 45 min and terminated at 80°C for 3 min. The LAMP products were electrophoresed on a 2.0% agarose gel and visualized under UV light of Gel Doc XR+ ultraviolet light after Goldview staining, as described previously [25, 26]. At the same time, the annealing temperature for PCR reaction was to be optimized.

Specificity of the LAMP method

To establish the specificity of the LAMP detection method for PCV2, the DNA (PCV2, PCV1, PPV and PRV) and cDNA (PEDVD, TGEV, RV and PRRSV) were used as sample templates to initiate the reaction under the optimal conditions. Negative controls were included. The amplified products were digested with Hae III to confirm the reaction specificity, meanwhile, the headmost band of the products was sequenced by Shanghai Bioengineering Co. Ltd.

Detection limits of LAMP and PCR for PCV2

The LAMP assay was initiated using different concentrations of DNA templates from 108 to 10 copies, following the optimized conditions described previously. At the same time, different concentrations of DNA were also used as templates for conventional PCR under optimized conditions. These amplified products were analyzed by electrophoresis on 2% (w/v) agarose gels and visualized under Gel Doc XR+ ultraviolet light by staining with Goldview. Conventional PCR was carried out as described above.

Detection of PCV2 in clinical samples

A total of 110 serum samples were examined for presence of PCV2. These clinical samples were collected randomly and it was not known whether they were infected with PCV2. The same clinical samples were used directly in the LAMP assay and PCR reaction without DNA exaction, following the optimized conditions described above.

Abbreviations

LAMP:

loop-mediated isothermal amplification

PCV1:

Porcine circovirus type 1: PCV2: porcine circovirus type 2

PEDV:

porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

PMWS:

postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome

PPV:

porcine parvovirus

PRRSV:

porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

PRV:

pseudorabies virus. RV: rotavirus

TGEV:

transmissible gastroenteritis of pigs virus.

References

  1. Allan GM, Ellis JA: Porcine circoviruses: a review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2000, 12: 3-14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bolin SR, Stoffregen WC, Nayar GP, Hamel AL: Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome induced after experimental inoculation of cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets with type 2 porcine circovirus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2001, 13: 185-194.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Caprioli A, McNeilly F, McNair I, Lagan-Tregaskis P, Ellis J, Krakowka S, McKillen J, Ostanello F, Allan G: PCR detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) DNA in blood, tonsillar and faecal swabs from experimentally infected pigs. Veterinary Science 2006, 81: 287-292. 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.01.001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Wilson IG: Inhibition and facilitation of nucleic acid amplification. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997, 63: 3741-3751.

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. AL-SOUD WA, Radstrom P: Capacity of nine thermostable DNApolymerases to mediate DNAamplification in the presence of PCR-inhibiting samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998, 64: 3748-3753.

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ishibashi K, Hanada1 S, Uozumi K, Otsuka M, Sakurami T, Hashimoto S: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immune complex of HTLV-I. Journal of Immunological Methods 1988, 119: 217-221. 10.1016/0022-1759(89)90399-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Miyakawa H, Kawaguchi N, Kikuchi K, Kitazawa E, Kawashima Y, Yajima R, Itoh Y: False positive reaction in ELISA for IgM class anti-M2 antibody and its prevention. Hepatology Research 2001, 20: 279-287. 10.1016/S1386-6346(00)00144-3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Lee CW, Suarez DL: Application of real-time RT-PCR for the quantitation and competitive replication study of H5 and H7 subtype avian influenza virus. Journal of Virological Methods 2004, 119: 151-158. 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.03.014

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Brunborg IM, Moldal T, Jonassen CM: Quantitation of porcine circovirus type 2 isolated from serum/plasma and tissue samples of healthy pigs and pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome using a TaqMan-based real-time PCR. J Virol Methods 2004, 122: 171-178. 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.08.014

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Chung WB, Chan WH, Chaung HC, Lien Y, Wu CC, Huang YL: Real-time PCR for quantitation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2 in naturally infected and challenged pigs. J Virol Methods 2005, 124: 11-19. 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.10.003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Olvera A, Sibila M, Calsamiglia M, Segales J, Domingo M: Comparison of porcine circovirus type 2 load in serum quantified by a real time PCR in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome naturally affected pigs. J Virol Methods 2004, 117: 75-80. 10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.12.007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Notomi T, Okayama H, Masubuchi H, Yonekawa T, Watanabe K, Amino N, Hase T: Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acid Res 2000, 28: e63. 10.1093/nar/28.12.e63

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Mori Y, Nagamine K, Tomita N, Notomi T: Detection of loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction by turbidity derived from magnesium pyrophosphate formation. Biochem. Biophys. Res Commun 2001, 289: 150-154.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Nagamine K, Hase T, Notomi T: Accelerated reaction by loop-mediated isothermal amplification using loop primers. Mol Cell Probes 2002, 16: 223-229. 10.1006/mcpr.2002.0415

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Nagamine K, Kuzahara Y, Notomi T: Isolation of single stranded DNA from loop-mediated isothermal amplification products. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002, 290: 1195-1198. 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6334

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Yano A, Ishimaru R, Hujikata R: Rapid and sensitive detection of heat-labile I and heat-stable I enterotoxin genes of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. J Microbiol Methods 2007, 68: 414-420. 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.09.024

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Chen HT, Zhang J, Sun DH, Chu YF, Cai XP, Liu XT, Luo XL, Liu Q, Liu YS: Rapid detection of porcine circovirus type 2 by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Journal of Virological Methods 2008, 149: 264-268. 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.01.023

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Chen Q, Li J, Fang XE, Xiong W: Detection of swine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus using loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Virology Journal 2010, 7: 206. 10.1186/1743-422X-7-206

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Imai M, Ninomiya A, Minekawa H, Notomi T, Ishizaki T, Tashiro M, Odagiri T: Development of H5-RT-LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal amplification) system for rapid diagnosis of H5 avian influenza virus infection. Vaccine 2006, 24: 6679-6682. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.046

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Mekata T, Kono T, Savan R, Sakai M, Kasornchandra J, Yoshida T, Itami T: Detection of yellow head virus in shrimp by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Journal of Virological Methods 2006, 135: 151-156. 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.02.012

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kaneko H, Kawana T, Fukushima E, Suzutani T: Tolerance of loop-mediated isothermal amplification to a culture medium and biological substances. Journal of Biochem and Biophys Methods 2007, 70: 499-501. 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.08.008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Nagamine K, Watanabe K, Ohtsuka K, Hase T, Notomi T: Loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction using a nondenatured template. Clinical Chemistry 2001, 47: 1742-1743.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Fukuta S, Kato S, Yoshida K, Mizukami Y, Ishida A, Ueda J, Kanbe M, Ishimoto Y: Detection of tomato yellow leaf curl virus by loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction. J Virol Methods 2003, 112: 35-40. 10.1016/S0166-0934(03)00187-3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Gunimaladevi I, Kono T, Venugopal MN, Sakai M: Detection of koi herpesvirus in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. J Fish Dis 2004, 27: 583-589. 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00578.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ji J, Du LQ, Xie QM, Cao YC, Zuo KJ, Xue CY, Ma JY, Chen F, Bee YZ: Rapid diagnosis of duck plagues virus infection by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Veterinary Science 2008, 87: 53-58. 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.11.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Xu HD, Feng J, Guo ZX, Ou YJ, Wang JY: Detection of red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Journal of Virological Methods 2009, 163: 123-128. 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.09.009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by Shanghai Agricultural Science Committee foundation of China, grant no.2009-6-4. International Cooperation Foundation of Shanghai grant no.10410703500, Shanghai agricultural science key research project, grant no. 2008-8-5.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xueming Tang.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

KZ, WS, FTH and XMT participated in the design and carried out the majority of the experiments in the study and drafted the manuscript. YX, LLZ, YZ, XW, HZ, FRT and SRT helped to carry out the experiments and draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zhao, K., Shi, W., Han, F. et al. Specific, simple and rapid detection of porcine circovirus type 2 using the loop-mediated isothermal amplification method. Virol J 8, 126 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-8-126

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-8-126

Keywords